{"id":14,"date":"2014-06-18T09:33:06","date_gmt":"2014-06-18T08:33:06","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/?p=14"},"modified":"2014-06-18T09:33:06","modified_gmt":"2014-06-18T08:33:06","slug":"analogova-era-a-vyvoj-koncepce-fotoaparatu","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/14\/analogova-era-a-vyvoj-koncepce-fotoaparatu\/","title":{"rendered":"Analogov\u00e1 \u00e9ra a v\u00fdvoj koncepce fotoapar\u00e1t\u016f"},"content":{"rendered":"

S rozmachem fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fstem v\u00fdnos\u016f z t\u011bchto aktivit vzrostl i prostor pro neust\u00e1l\u00e9 zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed jak citliv\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, tak p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f. Profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed form\u00e1t desek pro kontaktn\u00ed kopie 8×10″ \u010di 5×7″ byl rychle zast\u00edn\u011bn 60mm svitkov\u00fdm filmem a sklopn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje form\u00e1tu 6×9 cm se ji\u017e po I.\u00a0sv\u011btov\u00e9 v\u00e1lce prod\u00e1valy v desetitis\u00edc\u00edch kus\u016f. Kinematograf s 35mm filmem z\u00e1hy u\u017e nebyl k vid\u011bn\u00ed jen v\u00a0Pa\u0159\u00ed\u017ei.<\/p>\n

Geni\u00e1ln\u00ed n\u00e1pad konstrukt\u00e9ra Oskara Barnacka pou\u017e\u00edt tento film do mal\u00e9ho a skladn\u00e9ho p\u0159\u00edstroje rozvoj fotografie expandoval a Leica ur\u010dila dal\u0161\u00ed sm\u011br: mobilitu, pohotovost, mal\u00e9 rozm\u011bry. N\u00e1sledovaly kvalitn\u00ed v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00e9 objektivy s vy\u0161\u0161\u00edm rozli\u0161en\u00edm, garantuj\u00edc\u00ed i z podstatn\u011b men\u0161\u00edho rozm\u011bru negativu profesion\u00e1ln\u011b pou\u017eitelnou kvalitu pro v\u011bt\u0161inu fotografick\u00fdch aktivit. Trvalou konkurenci p\u0159edstavoval koncept dvouok\u00e9 zrcadlovky Rolleiflex (u n\u00e1s Flexaret) s horn\u00edm objektivem ur\u010den\u00fdm k n\u00e1hledu a zaost\u0159en\u00ed a spodn\u00edm ke sn\u00edm\u00e1n\u00ed. Celou generaci se pak sout\u011b\u017e o dominanci na fotografick\u00e9m nebi odehr\u00e1vala mezi 60mm svitkov\u00fdm form\u00e1tem a 35mm kinofilmem s prioritami st\u0159\u00eddav\u011b se klon\u00edc\u00edmi na tu \u010di onu stranu.<\/p>\n

\"Deskov\u00fd<\/a>

Deskov\u00fd p\u0159\u00edstroj form\u00e1tu 13×18 cm z mahagonu firmy J.Lancaster & Son Birmingham z roku 1897 m\u00e1 ji\u017e prakticky v\u0161echny vymo\u017eenosti profesion\u00e1ln\u00edch syst\u00e9mov\u00fdch velkoform\u00e1tov\u00fdch kamer: v\u00fd\u0161kov\u00fd i sklopn\u00fd pohyb v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00fdch objektiv\u016f a kipov\u00e1n\u00ed se zadn\u00ed st\u011bnou s mo\u017enost\u00ed vkl\u00e1dan\u00ed kazet bez sejmut\u00ed matnice. Na sn\u00edmku je osazen unik\u00e1tn\u00edm tele-zoomem Telinear 540-1080 mm co\u017e je d\u016fkazem, \u017ee konstrukce zoom\u016f byla zn\u00e1m\u00e1 u\u017e v 19. stolet\u00ed. O rok pozd\u011bji firma vyr\u00e1b\u00ed u\u017e 200 000 fotoapar\u00e1t (zanikla v roce 1955).<\/p><\/div>\n

Nev\u00fdhody koncepce Rolleiflexu i d\u00e1lkom\u011brn\u00e9 Leicy \u2013 paralaxa a nep\u0159esn\u00e9 ur\u010den\u00ed v\u00fd\u0159ezu v hled\u00e1\u010dku, nemo\u017enost ur\u010den\u00ed hloubky ostrosti a p\u0159esn\u00e9ho stanoven\u00ed expozi\u010dn\u00edch parametr\u016f \u2013 to v\u0161e vyv\u00e1\u017eil n\u00e1sledn\u00fd koncept jednook\u00e9 zrcadlovky s v\u00fdm\u011bnn\u00fdmi objektivy, \u010dasem doveden\u00fd do maxim\u00e1ln\u00ed dokonalosti pro oba tyto form\u00e1ty negativ\u016f. P\u0159inesl v\u0161ak tak\u00e9 nutnost konstrukce retrofokusov\u00fdch objektiv\u016f s dop\u0159edu posunut\u00fdm ohniskem, aby se vy\u0161et\u0159il prostor pro zrc\u00e1tkov\u00fd mechanismus umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed jedn\u00edm objektivem sc\u00e9nu pozorovat i zaznamenat. Tedy v\u00edce \u010do\u010dek, v\u011bt\u0161\u00ed v\u00e1ha, rozm\u011bry, i cena.<\/p>\n

Velkoform\u00e1tov\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje umo\u017e\u0148uj\u00edc\u00ed vysokou kvalitu obrazu a tedy i velk\u00fd form\u00e1t v\u00fdsledn\u00e9ho d\u00edla pochopiteln\u011b z\u016fstaly \u2013 ov\u0161em pro podstatn\u011b vy\u0161\u0161\u00ed po\u0159izovac\u00ed i provozn\u00ed n\u00e1klady vyhrazeny tak\u0159ka v\u00fdlu\u010dn\u011b\u00a0 profesion\u00e1l\u016fm a n\u00e1ro\u010dn\u00fdm tiskov\u00fdm \u010di prezenta\u010dn\u00edm \u00fa\u010del\u016fm. Zna\u010dky Linhof, Hasselblad, Zenza Bronica \u010di Wista a Graflex, s objektivy Rodenstock, Zeiss, Schneider a Voigtl\u00e4nder dodnes neztratily nic ze sv\u00e9 v\u00fdjime\u010dnosti a dokonalosti pro klasick\u00fd fotografick\u00fd proces.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

S rozmachem fotografov\u00e1n\u00ed a r\u016fstem v\u00fdnos\u016f z t\u011bchto aktivit vzrostl i prostor pro neust\u00e1l\u00e9 zdokonalov\u00e1n\u00ed jak citliv\u00fdch materi\u00e1l\u016f, tak p\u0159\u00edstroj\u016f. Profesion\u00e1ln\u00ed form\u00e1t desek pro kontaktn\u00ed kopie 8×10″ \u010di 5×7″ byl rychle zast\u00edn\u011bn 60mm svitkov\u00fdm filmem a sklopn\u00e9 p\u0159\u00edstroje form\u00e1tu 6×9…<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","hentry","category-nezarazene"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14\/revisions"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.enface.cz\/7x10\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}